Cascadea armament
We begin with an overview of the strongest impetus currently driving the rapid development of this field, namely, biomanufacturing and cell-free synthetic biology. These benefits include improving biocatalytic efficiency, bypassing potential cellular toxicity, directed catalysis, modularity, incorporating enzymes from different prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources, and potentially the ability to create de novo designer cascades. This review covers progress in this field over the last ∼5 years with a specific focus on the scaffold materials themselves and the benefits they can provide for assembling multienzyme cascades in vitro.
Compared with the single enzyme pair, the 2D organized enzyme systems exhibited higher reaction efficiency, due to the promoted transfer of intermediates within the network.Īrtificial multienzyme scaffolds are being developed for in vitro cascaded biocatalytic activity and, in particular, accessing substrate channeling.
The spatial arrangements of multiple enzyme pairs were optimized to facilitate the efficient substrate channelling by exploiting the programmability of DNA origami to manipulate the key parameters of swinging arm length, and stoichiometry. The assemblies of 2D enzyme networks were characterized by gel electrophoresis and visualized by AFM. Swinging arms were used to facilitate the transport of redox intermediate of NAD+/NADH between enzyme pairs on the array.
Here, we report the assembly of an artificial 2D enzyme network of two cascade enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on a wireframe DNA origami template. In addition to the editor, contributors are Ian Anthony, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Nicole Ball, Overseas Development Council Julian Cooper, University of Birmingham Lawrence Freedman and Martin Navias, King’s College, London Rodney Jones, Policy Architects International Ethan Kapstein, University of Minnesota Michael Klare, Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies Andrew Mack, Australian National University Abdel Monem Said Aly, Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo Janne Nolan, Brookings Institution Andrew Ross, Naval War College Gerald Segal, International Institute for Strategic Studies and Gerald Steinberg, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.In living cells, compartmented or membrane-associated enzymes are often assembled into large networks for cooperatively catalyzing cascade reaction pathways essential for the cellular metabolism. The book thoroughly discusses the opportunities for, and obstacles to, achieving multilateral restraint on arms. This book examines the policies and practices of the major arms-supplying nations, looks at the impact of weapons purchases on the principal recipient regions and the possibilities for regional arms control, and dissects the economics of arms exports for the producer nations in both the developing and industrialized worlds. They present the greatest diversion from economic and social development, and are the centerpiece of regional security balances. Yet these are the arms most likely to be used in conflict.
With the post-cold war emphasis on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the neglected dimension has been the spread of advanced conventional arms.